Riyadh: Observations of the Moon during its last quarter over Rafha Governorate in Northern Borders Region yesterday revealed several prominent features of its surface, including impact craters, highlands, and dark lowlands. These features form a natural record documenting important aspects of the Moon's geological history and the early evolution of the solar system. According to Saudi Press Agency, AFAQ Society for Astronomy member Barjas Al-Fulaih stated that the observation revealed several details of the lunar surface, including impact craters, highlands, and dark regions. He explained that their visibility depends on the Moon's phase, the timing of the observation, atmospheric clarity, and the astronomical instruments used. Al-Fulaih said the Moon's terrain was shaped primarily by large-scale meteorite impacts and ancient volcanic activity. The effects of these processes remain largely preserved due to the limited erosion on the lunar surface compared with Earth, making its terrain an important source for studying the Moon's geological history. He noted that lunar craters become more clearly visible as the Moon approaches a quarter phase, as shadows cast along their rims and slopes accentuate their features. By comparison, shadows are less pronounced during the full moon, making some surface features appear less distinct. Also visible are the lunar maria, broad dark regions that are not bodies of water but volcanic plains formed when basaltic lava flows flooded large basins and depressions created by major impacts. These regions appear darker than the brighter lunar highlands and reflect differences in the mineral composition and geological age of the Moon's surface. Al-Fulaih noted that lunar observation offers more than visual interest, providing an accessible way to explore the Moon's geological history. He added that changes in light and shadow help reveal craters, mountains, and volcanic plains, while also promoting public awareness of astronomy.